Agricultural and rural digitalisation in regional sustainable development: A comparative study between China and the European Union
Main Article Content
Abstract
Since the turn of the twenty-first century, digitalisation has gained widespread acceptance as a powerful tool for socioeconomic and environmental progress. Agricultural and Rural Digitalization (ARD) has been less researched than urban digitalisation, which received the most public interest. In this study, I addressed the advantages and significance of Agricultural and Rural Digitalization for regional sustainable development; and how our work can address the present implementation-related issues. The Digital Economy and Society Index (DESI) is an important indicator utilised to summarise digital performance in the European Union, and it is used in this research to assess the development of digitalisation. I made a comparison study to address the current issue and underline the relevance of agricultural and rural digitalisation by analysing official documents. Digitalisation proved to impact sustainable rural development positively, and a monitoring system can be used to produce policy-oriented recommendations. Our research aided people’s understanding of China’s program for smart and digital rural areas and provided policymakers with alternative strategies between China and the European Union when they needed a reference on the development of digital rural areas.
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access). As soon as the paper is accepted, finally submitted and edited, the paper will appear in the "OnlineFirst" page of the journal, thus from this point no other internet-based publication is necessary.
References
Afonasova, M. A., et al. (2019). Digitalisation in economy and innovation: The effect on social and economic processes. Polish Journal of Management Studies 19(2), 22–32. DOI: https://doi.org/gmtsbx
Barbero, J., Rodríguez-Crespo, E. (2022). Technological, institutional, and geographical peripheries: regional development and risk of poverty in the European regions. Annals of Regional Science. 69(2;2), 311–332. DOI: https://doi.org/kfx9
Belhadi, A., et al. (2021). An ensemble machine learning approach for forecasting credit risk of agricultural SMEs’ investments in agriculture 4.0 through supply chain finance. Annals of Operations Research. 1–29. DOI: https://doi.org/kfzb
Biró, K., Toldi, O. (2022). Hungarian agricultural pathways revealing climate-related challenges. Cognitive Sustainability. 1(4). DOI: https://doi.org/gr2bdt
Brundtland, G. H. (1987). Our common future – Call for action. Environmental Conservation. 14(4), 291–294.
Buzási, A., Pálvölgyi, T., Szalmáné Csete, M. (2021). Assessment of climate change performance of urban development projects – Case of Budapest, Hungary. Cities, 114, 103215. DOI: https://doi.org/gjrxwk
CAC – Cyberspace Administration of China (2022). Digital China Development Report 2021.
URL: http://www.cac.gov.cn/2022-08/02/c_1661066515613920.htm
CAICT – China Academy of Information and Communication Technology (2022). Enterprise Digital Governance Application Development Report 2021. URL: http://www.caict.ac.cn/kxyj/qwfb/ztbg/202107/P020210722609947397097.pdf
Chen, M., Zhou, Y., Huang, X., Ye, C. (2021). The integration of new-type urbanisation and rural revitalisation strategies in China: origin, reality and future trends. Land. 10(2), 207. DOI: https://doi.org/gm8vv9
Chen, W., Wang, Q., Zhou, H. (2022). Digital Rural Construction and Farmers’ Income Growth: Theoretical Mechanism and Micro Experience Based on Data from China. Sustainability. 14(18), 11679. DOI: https://doi.org/kfzc
Clapp, J., Ruder, S-L. (2020). Precision technologies for agriculture: Digital farming, gene-edited crops, and the politics of sustainability. Global Environmental Politics. 20(3), 49–69. DOI: https://doi.org/ghfnq9
Custers, B. (2016). Click here to consent forever: Expiry dates for informed consent. Big Data Society. 3(1), 2053951715624935. DOI: https://doi.org/gcd5nd
Esses, D., Szalmáné Csete, M., Németh, B. (2021). Sustainability and digital transformation in the Visegrad group of Central European countries. Sustainability. 13(11), 5833. DOI: https://doi.org/hbkx
DESA, U. N. (2016). Transforming our world: The 2030 Agenda for sustainable development.
Dyba, M., et al. (2020). Financial support and development of digital rural hubs in Europe. Management Theory and Studies for Rural Business and Infrastructure Development. 42(1), 51–59. DOI: https://doi.org/kfzd
EC – European Commission (n. d.) Digital Transformation in Agriculture And Rural Areas. Research And Innovation, 2022.
EC – European Commission (2014). Digital Agenda for Europe. Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg.
URL: https://op.europa.eu/en/publication-detail/-/publication/27a0545e-03bf-425f-8b09-7cef6f0870af
EC – European Commission (2020). Shaping Europe’s Digital Future. Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union, Luxembourg.
EC – European Commission (2022a). Digital Economy and Society Index 2021 (DESI). (p. 13).
EC – European Commission (2022b). EU Holistic Approach To Sustainable Development.
EC – European Commission, (2022c). Recovery and Resilience Facility.
URL: https://economy-finance.ec.europa.eu/eueconomyexplained/recovery-and-resilience-facility_en
EC – European Commission (2022d). TEN-T Projects. Innovation and Networks Executive Agency.
URL: https://ec.europa.eu/inea/en/ten-t/ten-t-projects
EC – European Commission (2023a). The Digital Economy and Society Index 2022 (DESI).
URL: https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/desi
EC – European Commission (2023b). European Digital Rights and Principles. Shaping Europe’s Digital Future, 2022.
URL: https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/digital-principles
EU – European Union (2016). CORK 2.0 Declaration A Better Life in Rural Areas. Publications Office of the European Union, Luxemburg.
Eurostat (2022). Facts and Figures on Life in the European Union.
URL: https://european-union.europa.eu/principles-countries-history/key-facts-and-figures/life-eu_en
Fraser, A. (2019). Land grab/data grab: precision agriculture and its new horizons. Journal of Peasant Studies. 46(5), 893–912. DOI: https://doi.org/gdh9vh
Garske, B., Bau, A., Ekardt, F. (2021). Digitalisation and AI in European Agriculture: A Strategy for Achieving Climate and Biodiversity Targets?. Sustainability. 13(9), 4652. DOI: https://doi.org/gn5tp8
Government of China (2018). Rural Revitalization Strategy (2018–2022). URL: http://www.gov.cn/zhengce/2018-09/26/content_5325534.htm
Government of China (2022). Strengthen Digital Development Governance and Promote the Construction of Digital China. URL: http://www.gov.cn/xinwen/2022-03/23/content_5680843.htm
Iammarino, S., Rodriguez-Pose, A., Storper, M. (2019). Regional inequality in Europe: evidence, theory and policy implications. Journal of Economic Geography. 19(2), 273–298 URL: https://doi.org/ggnfjv
Klauser, F. (2018). Surveillance farm: Towards a research agenda on big data agriculture. Surveillance & Society. 16(3), 370–378. DOI: https://doi.org/gk4btc
Lin, J. Y., Chen, B. (2011). Urbanisation and urban-rural inequality in China: A new perspective from the government’s development strategy. Frontiers of Economics in China. 6(1), 1–21. DOI: https://doi.org/fgb7wf
Lioutas, E. D., Charatsari, C., De Rosa, M. (2021). Digitalisation of agriculture: a way to solve the food problem or a trolley dilemma? Technology in Society 67, 101744. DOI: https://doi.org/gnc9jm
Liu, Y., Zang, Y. Yang, Y. (202). China’s rural revitalisation and development: Theory, technology and management. Journal of Geographical Sciences 30(12), 1923–1942. DOI: https://doi.org/gn96nz
Löfving, L., Kamuf, V., Heleniak, T., Weck, S., Norlén, G. (2022): Can digitalisation be a tool to overcome spatial injustice in sparsely populated regions? The cases of Digital Västerbotten (Sweden) and Smart Country Side (Germany). European Planning Studies. 30(5), 917–934, DOI: https://doi.org/gj4m59
MARA – Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs (2020). China Digital Village Development Report (2020). URL: http://www.moa.gov.cn/xw/zwdt/202011/t20201128_6357205.htm
MARA – Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs (2022). Digital Agriculture Rural Development Plan (2019–2025). URL: http://www.moa.gov.cn/govpublic/FZJHS/202001/t20200120_6336316.htm
McKinnon, C. (2019). Sleepwalking into lock-in? Avoiding wrongs to future people in the governance of solar radiation management research. Environmental Politics. 28(3), 441–459. DOI: https://doi.org/gk5v6k
McMichael, P. (2013). Value-chain agriculture and debt relations: Contradictory outcomes. Third World Quarterly. 34(4), 671–690. DOI: https://doi.org/gpkcs8
Meneghello, F., Calore, M., Zucchetto, D., Polese, M., Zanella, A. (2019). IoT: Internet of Threats? A Survey of Practical Security Vulnerabilities in Real IoT Devices. IEEE Internet Things J. 6, 8182–8201. DOI: https://doi.org/ggcnzm
Nagy, Z., Szendi, D., Szép, T. (2021). Linking smart city concepts to urban resilience. Theory, Methodology, Practice. 2021, 17, 31–40. DOI: https://doi.org/kfzf
National Bureau of Statistics of China (2021). The Main Data of the Seventh National Census. URL: http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/zxfb/202105/t20210510_1817176.html
OECD (2019). Business Dynamics and Digitalisation. Policy Paper No. 62. OECD, Paris.
Ordieres-Meré, J., Remon, T. P., Rubio, J. (202) Digitalization: An opportunity for contributing to sustainability from knowledge creation. Sustainability 12(4), 1460. DOI: https://doi.org/ghvqpd
Papageorgiou, K., Singh, P. K.. Papageorgiou, E., Chudasama, H., Bochtis, D., Stamoulis, G. (2020). Fuzzy Cognitive Map-Based Sustainable Socioeconomic Development Planning for Rural Communities. Sustainability. 12(1), 305. DOI: https://doi.org/gh454z
Pickvance, C. G. (2001). Four varieties of comparative analysis. Journal of Housing and the Built Environment. 16(1), 7–28 DOI: https://doi.org/bx5r5c
Popescu et al. (2020). Fostering sustainable development through shifting toward rural areas and digitalisation—the case of Romanian universities. Sustainability. 12(10), 4020. DOI: https://doi.org/kfzg
Qu et al. (2018). Promoting agricultural and rural modernisation through application of information and communication technologies in China. International Journal of Agricultural and Biological Engineering. 11(6), 1–4. URL: https://mail.ijabe.org/index.php/ijabe/article/view/4428/pdf
Randall L., Berlina, A., Teräs, J., Rinne T (2018). Digitalisation as a tool for sustainable Nordic regional development: Preliminary literature and policy review. Discussion paper prepared for Nordic thematic group for innovative and resilient regions, January 2018, Stockholm. URL: https://nordregio.org/research/digitalisation-as-a-tool-for-sustainable-nordic-regional-development/
Roberts et al. (2017). A review of the rural-digital policy agenda from a community resilience perspective. Journal of Rural Studies. 54 372–385. DOI: https://doi.org/gbz3tf
Rolandi et al. (2021). The digitalisation of agriculture and rural areas: Towards a taxonomy of the impacts. Sustainability. 13(9), 5172. DOI: https://doi.org/gnnsxc
Rotz et al. (2019). Automated pastures and the digital divide: How agricultural technologies are shaping labour and rural communities. Journal of Rural Studies. 68, 112–122. DOI: https://doi.org/ggkjzk
Salemink, K., Strijker, D., and Bosworth, G. (2017). Rural development in the digital age: A systematic literature review on unequal ICT availability, adoption, and use in rural areas. Journal of Rural Studies. 54, 360–371. DOI: https://doi.org/gbz54b
Salvia et al. (2021). Will climate mitigation ambitions lead to carbon neutrality? An analysis of the local-level plans of 327 cities in the EU. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 135, 110253. DOI: https://doi.org/gjb3dp
Soma, T., Nuckchady, B. (2021). Communicating the Benefits and Risks of Digital Agriculture Technologies: Perspectives on the Future of Digital Agricultural Education and Training. Frontiers in Communication. 6: 259. DOI: https://doi.org/kfzk
Szalmáné Csete, M. (2019). Climate Change Impacts on Society and the Economy: Adaptation to Climate Change and Sustainability in Hungary. In: Palocz-Andresen, M., Szalay, D., Gosztom, A., Sípos, L., Taligás, T. (eds.). International Climate Protection. Springer-Verlag, Cham. 277–282. DOI: https://doi.org/f9wf
Szalmáné Csete, M. (2020). IoT based mitigation and adaptation planning as a tool for sustainable urban development in Budapest. In: Zilahy, G. (ed.). Sustainability in Transforming Societies: Proceedings of the 26th Annual Conference of the International Sustainable Development Research Society. BME GTK, Budapest, Hungary. 151.
Tolstykh et al. (2017). Evaluation of the digitalisation potential of region’s economy. International Conference on Humans as an Object of Study by Modern Science. Springer, Cham. DOI: https://doi.org/ghmsz8
Van Gaasbeck, K. A. (2018). A rising tide: Measuring the economic effects of broadband use across California. The Social Science Journal. 45(4), 691–699. DOI: https://doi.org/cgb4g2
Weersink, A. (2018). The growing heterogeneity in the farm sector and its implications. Canadian Journal of Agricultural Economics/Revue Canadienne D’Agroeconomie. 66(1). DOI: https://doi.org/gcx6zn
Whitelaw et al. (2020). Applications of digital technology in COVID-19 pandemic planning and response. Lancet Digital Health 2(8), e435–e440 DOI: https://doi.org/gg5733
Wiseman et al. (2019). Farmers and their data: An examination of farmers’ reluctance to share their data through the lens of the laws impacting smart farming. NJAS-Wageningen Journal of Life Sciences 90, 100301. DOI: https://doi.org/ggm57c
Xia, J. (2022). Juggling ecumenical wisdoms and xenophobic institutions: Framing and modelling China’s telecommunications universal service and rural digitalisation initiatives and policies. Telecommunications Policy 46(2), 102258. DOI: https://doi.org/gqxm6x
Xie, L., Luo, B., Zhong, W. (2021). How are smallholder farmers involved in digital agriculture in developing countries: a case study from China. Land 10(3), 245. DOI: https://doi.org/gnc9ft
Zöldy, M., Baranyi, P. (2023). Definition, Background and Research Perspectives Behind ‘The Cognitive Mobility Concept, Infocommunications Journal, Special Issue: Internet of Digital Cognitive realities. 35–40., https://doi.org/j4pc
Zöldy, M., Szalmáné Csete, M., Kolozsi, P. P., Bordás, P., Török, Á. (2022). Cognitive Sustainability. Cognitive Sustainability. 1(1). DOI: https://doi.org/htfq