Analysis of Bus Transportation Mode in Central Europe
Main Article Content
Abstract
: Buses belong to the most important means of public transportation that significantly impact the economic and environmental aspects of people in different countries. This study has focused on studying the relationship between buses and their effect on GDP, road networks and population in Hungary, Poland, Czech and Slovakia. We evaluated the number of buses and the GDP per capita for each country for different years and examined the changes over time and the effect of increasing GDP per capita on the number of buses for these countries. We evaluated the transportation system for each country in terms of the number of buses, the area of the country, the paved road network, and the number of inhabitants with income levels there. Poland excels in the number of buses compared to its vast area and high population, but it is lagging in GDP per capita. Slovakia is the smallest in terms of its population and area but has the highest GDP per capita. The Czech Republic is the best in caring for the road network, constantly updating it, and adding newly paved roads and expressway sectors.
Article Details

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
Open Access Policy
Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access). As soon as the paper is accepted, finally submitted and edited, the paper will appear in the "OnlineFirst" page of the journal, thus from this point no other internet-based publication is necessary.
Cognitive Sustainability is an open access journal, downloading the published articles is free of charge. The Users have the right to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full texts of articles in this journal, and to use them for any other lawful purpose.
Publishing Ethics
The publisher and the editors are committed to maintain high ethical standards and prevent publications where research misconduct has occurred. The authors are fully responsible for the content of their manuscript, even those parts produced by an AI tool, and are thus liable for any breach of publication ethics. In case of plagiarism or when the manuscript contains anything libellous, obscene, infringes on anyone’s copyright, right of privacy, or other rights, the publisher holds the right to reject the manuscript or publish corrections after the article has already been published. In case of any allegation of misconduct, the editor deals with the allegation appropriately. In such ethical issues, including also retractions and corrections, the COPE guidelines are followed.
Statement on the European Accessibility Act
Cognitive Sustainability is committed to inclusion and accessible design, the deliberate practice whereby a person with a disability can access our service as fully, equally and independently as a person without a disability. Our journal is working to meet the requirements set forth in the EU European Accessibility Act.
Archiving
All published papers are archived at Cognitive Sustainability Ltd. (www.cogsust.com) and in the Electronic Periodicals Archive of the National Széchényi Library (Budapest, Hungary) (https://epa.oszk.hu/05100/05129), which shall continue to maintain the database even if the Journal publishing should be terminated.
Copyrights
Cognitive Sustainability requires exclusive publishing rights but allows authors to retain any other copyright of their paper.
Privacy Statement
The names and email addresses entered in this journal site will be used exclusively for the stated purposes of this journal and will not be made available for any other purpose or to any other party.
Those involved in editing this journal seek to be compliant with industry standards for data privacy, including the European Union's General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) provision for "data subject rights" that include (a) breach notification; (b) right of access; (c) the right to be forgotten; (d) data portability; and (e) privacy by design. The GDPR also allows for the recognition of "the public interest in the availability of the data", which has a particular saliency for those involved in maintaining, with the greatest integrity possible, the public record of scholarly publishing.
References
Divíšek, J., C hytrý, M., Grulich, V., P oláková, L: (2014). Landscape classification of the Czech Republic based on the distribution of natural habitats. Preslia. 86, 209–231. URL: https://www.preslia.cz/P143Divisek.pdf (Downloaded: 20 December 2022)
Egercioğlu, Y., Doğan, K. (2016). Effective Sustainable Public Transportation Approaches in Izmir. Procedia – Social and Behavioral Sciences. 223, 487–492. DOI: https://doi.org/jq68
Eurostat (n.d.). Eurostat URL:https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/databrowser/explore/all/transp?lang=en&subtheme=road&display=list&sort=category (Downloaded: 11 December 2022)
Horváth, J. (ed.) (2000). A Panorama of Hungarian Mathematics in the Twentieth Century I. János Bolyai Mathematical Society, Budapest; Springer, Berlin – Heidelberg – New York.
Ida, Y., Talit, G. (2018). What we can learn 17 years after the reform in public bus transportation in Israel. Case Studies on Transport Policy. 6(4), 510–517. DOI: https://doi.org/jq69
Ištok, R., Plavčanová, D., (2015). Geostrategic position of Slovakia. European Journal of Geopolitics. 3, 4–20. URL: https://ptg.edu.pl/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/Istok-Plavcanova-EJG-3-20151.pdf (Downloaded: 20 December 2022)
Konecný, V., Brídziková, M., Marienka, P. (2021). Research of bus transport demand and its factors using multicriteria regression analysis. Transportation Research Procedia. 55, 180–187. DOI: https://doi.org/jq67
Nanaki, E. A., Koroneos, C. J., Roset, J., Susca, T., Christensen, T. H., de Gregorio Hurtado, S., Rybka, A., Kopitovic, J., Heidrich, O., López-Jiménez, P. A. (2017). Environmental assessment of 9 European public bus transportation systems. Sustainable Cities and Society. 28, 42–52. DOI: https://doi.org/f9dz9w
NationMaster (n.d.)https://www.nationmaster.com/ (Downloaded: 11 December 2022)
Pucher, J. Renne, J. L. (2013). Socioeconomics of Urban Travel: Evidence from the 2001 NHTS. Transportation Quarterly. 57(3). 1–3049–77. URL: https://www.sharetheroad.ca/pdf/(Pucher)-Socioeconomics-of-Urban-Travel.pdf (Downloaded: 20 December 2022)
Rdzany, Z. (2014). Geographical Location and Regional Diversity of Poland. 9–41. URL: https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/71969351.pdf (Downloaded: 20 December 2022)